Background

This is not the typical explanation the what hold a cell nucleus together. The conventional explanation is simply a specify name of whatholds nuclei together; i.e., the nuclear solid force. This naming has no an ext empirical content 보다 if physicistssaid something holds a cell core together. The physicists in ~ the time essential an explanation for how a cell core composedof positively fee protons might stably host together. They hypothesized a force which at much shorter distances in between protonsis more attractive 보다 the electrostatic force is repulsive, however at longer ranges is weaker. The only proof for this hypotheticalnuclear solid force is the there is a multitude of stable nuclei containing multiple protons. According to the concept nuclear stabilitywas aided by the neutron of a nucleus gift attracted to each other and to the protons. For this reason the conventional concept is merelyan explanation of how a cell nucleus containing multiple positive charges deserve to be stable.But even if a theory defines empirical facts the does not typical that the is necessarily true. That only way the concept mightbe physically true. There could be an alternate true explanation of those empirical facts. And if a concept predicts somethings whichdo not take place then even if it describes other things it can not be physically correct. According to the solid force theory of nuclear framework there need to be no limit on the number of neutrons in steady nuclides.There have to be people composed entirely of neutrons. There should even be persons composed completely of a couple of protons.These things execute not happen physically. In truth there needs to be a suitable proportion between the numbers of neutrons and also protons.In more heavier nuclides there are fifty percent more neutrons than protons. Hence there are serious flaws v the standard theoryof atom structure; i.e., the nuclear strong force.When the conventional theory of nuclear structure was formulated physicists assumed that they might not bewrong, but, as will be be presented below, they to be wrong, since their principle of nuclear strong force conflates 2 disparate phenomena:spin pairing, attractive yet exclusive, and also non-exclusive communication of nucleons in i beg your pardon like-nucleons repel each other and also unlike attract. The proof of this assertion is provided below. This is one abbreviated version of an alternative of what stop a cell core together. The full version is at Nucleus.

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Nuclear Forces

There space three species of forces involved:Forces connected with the development of spin pairs of the three types, neutron-neutron, proton-proton andneutron-proton. This are successfully forces that attraction. The forces linked with this spin pair formations are exclusive, in the sense that a neutron can pair through one other neutron and also with a proton, and also no more. It is similarly for a proton.It have to be noted that neutron-neutron and also proton-proton can only exist within a nucleus; i.e., in connect with other spin pairs. A pressure involving the interaction of nucleons usually called the nuclear solid force which is distance-dependent and drops off much faster thaninverse distance-squared. The name solid force is inappropriate since it is not all that solid at appropriate distances contrasted with the forces affiliated in spin pair formation. A an ext appropriate name would be nucleonic force, the force between nucleons. For the flaws in the conventional concept of the nuclear solid force watch Nuclear strong Force.Under this force like nucleons are repelled from each other and unlike persons attracted. This astounding proposition will certainly be proved later.The electrostatic (Coulomb) repulsion in between protons, i m sorry is inversely proportional to street squared. This pressure only influence interactions in between protons. Neutrons have no net electrostatic charge yet dohave a radial distribution of electrostatic charge involving an inner positive charge and a an adverse outer charge. In principle heaviness is likewise involved however the magnitude of the gravity forces is so small in comparison to the other forces that it can be ignored. As will be shown, the turn paring is exclusive. The nucleonic pressure is not exclusive however in the interaction between two nucleons the energy connected with theformation that a spin pair is two orders of magnitude larger than that associated in their communication through the nucleonic force,roughly 13 million electron volts (MeV) compared to 1/3 MeV.However, in a cell nucleus having plenty of nucleons the size of the energy of the many little energy interactions could possibly exceed thoseof the few spin pair formations. But due to the fact that the communication force between like nucleons is repulsion over there would need to bea appropriate proportion between the number of neutrons and protons for the net interaction to it is in an attraction or involve a far-reaching reductionin the repulsion between like nucleons.For more heavier nuclei that needs there to it is in 50 percent more neutrons than protons. The 150 percentratio will certainly be described later.

Mass Deficits and Binding Energies

The mass of a nucleus comprised of countless neutrons and also protons is much less than the masses of its ingredient nucleons.This fixed deficit once expressed in power units with the Einstein formula E=mc² is referred to as the bindingenergy of the nucleus. Binding power is explained as the power required to break a cell nucleus apart right into its ingredient nucleons. The total binding energy of a nucleus also includes the lose in potential energyinvolved in its formation as a nucleus. As soon as a cell nucleus is formed from its constituent nucleons over there is a lossof potential energy yet a get in kinetic power for a net power loss that is shown up in the kind of the emissionof a gamma ray. Regrettably the complete binding energies are not recognized for the assorted nuclides other than for the deuteron.However there is reason to think that the lossof potential power is proportional to the massive deficit binding energy. Nevertheless the evaluation of the fixed deficitbinding energies reveal a an excellent deal about the framework of nuclei. Lot of this comes from an check of incremental binding energies.

Incremental Binding Energies

If n and p are the numbers of neutrons and also protons, respectively, in a nucleus and BE(n, p) is theirbinding power then the incremental binding energies v respect to the variety of neutrons and also the number of protons are given by:IBEn(n, p) = ΔNBE(n, p) = BE(n, p) − BE(n-1, p)and IBEp(n, p) = ΔPBE(n, p) = BE(n, p) − BE(n, p-1)As asserted above the incremental binding energies that nuclides reveal important informationabout the structure of nuclei. Below are some of the characteristics of nuclei revealed through incremental binding energies:The impacts of neutron-neutron spin pair formation on binding energy
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The sawtooth sample is a result of the enhancement of incremental binding energy due to the development of neutron-neutron turn pairs. The regularity the the sawtooth sample demonstrates thatone and also only one neutron-neutron spin pair is formed when a spirit is added to a nuclide.The over graphs are just illustrations that the effect however the exact same pattern prevails throughoutthe dataset of virtually three thousands nuclides. The same effects occur for proton-proton rotate pair development on binding energy
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The pattern of rotate pairing described over prevails transparent the much more than 2800 cases of theincremental binding energies of protons in addition to the an ext than 2750 cases of theincremental binding energies that neutrons.. The result of neutron-proton spin bag is revealed by a sharp drop in incremental binding power after the suggest where the numbers of neutrons and protons space equal. Below is the graph because that the instance of the isotopes of Krypton (proton number 36).
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As presented above, over there is a spicy drop in incremental binding power when the number of neutrons over the proton variety of 36. This illustratesthat when a spirit is included there is a neutron-proton turn pair created as long as over there is one unpairedproton obtainable and no one after that. This illustrates the exclusivity the neutron-proton rotate pairformation. It likewise shows the a neutron-proton spin pair is formed at the very same time the a neutron-neutronspin pair is formed.The instance of an odd variety of protons is that interest. Below is the graph for the isotope of Rubidium (proton number 37).
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The enhancement of the 38th neutron bring the result of the formation of a neutron-neutron pair but a neutron-proton pair is no formed, together was thecase increase to and also including the 37th neutron. The effects almost but not quite cancel each various other out. The is notable that the bindingenergies connected in the formation of the two types of nucleonic pairs are virtually exactly the same, but the binding energy for theneutron-neutron spin pair is slightly larger than the one because that a neutron-proton spin pair.This very same pattern is seen in the situation for the isotope of Bromine.
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Thus the sample of turn pairing described over prevails throughout the more than 2800 instances of theincremental binding energies the protons and also the more than 2750 cases of theincremental binding energies the neutrons. There space no exceptions.The contents of the incremental binding power of neutrons can be approximated together follows. For an even proton numberlook at the worths of IBEn at and near n=p. Job forward the worths of IBEn from n=p-3 and n=p-1 to gain a value of ICEn because that n=p; i.e.,IBEn(p-1, p) + ½(IBEn(p-1, p) − IBEn(p-3, p) )Likewise the values for IBEn can be projected back fromn=p+1 and also n=p+3 to acquire a worth of IBEn because that n=p without the result of one of two people an nn spinpairing or one np turn pairing. This procedure is shown listed below for the isotope of Neon (10).
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When this procedure is carried out numerically the results indicate that 42.7 percent of the incremental binding energy at n=p=10are due to the nn rotate pairing, 17.1 percent is due the np turn pair and also the other 40.0 is as result of the network interactive binding energy.This supremacy of IBEn by spin pairing deserve to only occur for little nuclides. Because that iron (p=26) the numbers are 16.9 percent because that the nn turn pairing, 12.8 percent for np rotate pairing, and also 70.3 percent due to the net result of the interaction bindingenergy that the nucleons.
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that is not just that impacts of the rotate pairings goes down for the heavier nuclei; that is that those that the interaction goes up. For much more onthe components of IBEn see components of IBEn.

The interactions of Nucleons v the Nucleonic Force

The most important result of the analysis of incremental binding energy is that favor nucleonsrepel each other and unlike attract. Due to the fact that nucleons in nuclei type spin bag whenever possible it is expeditious to job-related with the numbers of neutron-neutron turn pairs and also proton-proton rotate pairs instead of the numbersneutrons and also protons per se. This avoids the complication the the sawtooth pattern. it is discovered that the increments in the incremental binding energies are concerned the interaction of the nucleons. There space theorems (second difference theorem andcross difference theorem) that relate thesecond differences in binding energy to the communication binding energy of the last 2 nucleons addedto the nuclide. The binding energy synchronizes to the steep of the relationship displayed below.
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Thus if the incremental binding power of neutronsincreases together the number of protons in the nuclide increases then the is proof that a neutronand a proton space attracted to each other through the nucleonic force.If the incremental binding energy of neutronsdecreases together the number of neutrons in the nuclide increases then that is evidence that the communication of a neutronand another neutron is because of repulsion. That is to say, neutrons space repelled by each other.
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The above two graphs are just illustrations but exhaustive displays are easily accessible at neutrons,protons and also neutron-protonpairs that favor nucleons space repelled from each other and also unlike attracted.The theoretical evaluation for the proposition is given in Interactions.

Nucleonic Charge

The personality of the interaction of 2 nucleons deserve to be stood for by your possessing a nucleonic charge.If the nucleonic dues of two particles are Ω1 and also Ω2 climate their interaction isproportional come the product Ω1Ω2. For this reason if the charges room of the same signthen lock repel each other. If their charges space of opposite authorize then they room attracted to every other.The electrostatic repulsion in between protons simply adds to the reliable charge that protons.The quantity of the enhancement depends upon the street separating the protons. There is no qualitative readjust in the features of a nucleus as result of this force.

Alpha Modules the Neutrons and also Protons

The data top top incremental binding energies creates that whenever feasible nucleons kind spin pairs. Having created this principle it then adheres to that nucleons in nuclei form chains that nucleons linked together by rotate pairing.Let N stand for a neutron and also P because that a proton. These chains involve sequences the the sort-N-P-P-N- or equivalently -P-N-N-P-. The easiest chain the this kind is the alpha particlein which the two ends connect together. These sequences of two neutrons and two protonscan be called alpha modules. They combine to kind rings. A schematic the sucha ring is shown below with the red dots representing protons and the black ones neutrons. The lines between the dots represent spin pair bonds.
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It is to be emphasized that the over depiction is just a schematic. The yes, really spatial arrangementis rather different. For illustration think about the equivalent schematic for an alpha particleand the spatial arrangement. The explicate of one alpha bit in the style of the above would bethe figure shown on the left below, whereas a more proper representation would bethe tetrahedral plan shown ~ above the right.
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Here is one even much better visual depiction of one alpha particle.
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As previously noted, due to the fact that nucleons in nuclei form spin pairs whenever possible it is expeditious to job-related with the number of neutron-neutron rotate pairs and proton-proton rotate pairs instead of the numbersneutrons and protons every se. This prevents the complication that the sawtooth pattern. The graph listed below demonstrates the presence of nucleonshells.
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The spicy drop off in the incremental binding energy of neutron after 41 neutron pairs shows that a shell was filled and the 42nd ghost pair had to get in a higher shell.Maria Goeppert Mayer and also Hans Jensen developed a collection of numbers of nucleons correspondingto filled shells of (2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, 126) nucleons. Those values were based on the loved one numbers of stable isotopes. The physicist, Eugene Wigner, called them magic numbers and also the name stuck.For much more on this topic see Magic Numbers. In the over graph the spicy drop turn off in incremental binding power after 41 spirit pairs synchronizes to 82 neutrons, a magic numberAnalysis in regards to incremental binding energies disclose that 6 and 14 are additionally magic numbers. If 8 and 20 are consideredthe worths for to fill subshells then a straightforward algorithm describes the sequence (2, 6, 14, 28, 50, 82, 126).First think about the explanation of the magic numbers for electron shells the (2, 8, 18, …).One quantum number can variety from −k come +k, whereby k is an integer quantum number. This means the numberin a subshell is 2k+1, an odd number. If the succession of odd number (1, 3, 5, 7 …) is cumulativelysummed the an outcome is the succession (1, 4, 9, 16, …), the squared integers. These are doubled becauseof the 2 spin orientations of one electron to provide (2, 8, 18 …).For a source of the magic numbers for nucleons take it the succession of integers (0, 1, 2, 3, …) and also cumulatively amount them. The result is(0, 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21 …). Include one to every member that this succession to acquire (1, 2, 4, 7, 11, 16, 22, …).Double this to acquire (2, 4, 8, 14, 22, 32, 44 …) and then take your cumulative sums. The an outcome is(2, 6, 14, 28, 50, 82, 126), the atom magic numbers v 6 and also 14 instead of 8 and also 20. Keep in mind that 8 is 6+2 and also 20 is 14+6. There is evidence that the occupancies the the fill subshells replicate the occupancy numbers because that the to fill shells. Thus the nucleon shells space filled v rings that alpha modules. The shortest level ring is simply an alphaparticle. That is to say, at the center of every nucleus having actually two or much more neutrons and also two or more protons over there is an alpha particle. Check of this is that some nuclei space unstable and also emit one and also only one alpha particle.These alpha module rings revolve in four modes. They need to rotate as a vortex ring come keep separate the neutrons and protonswhich room attracted to each other. The vortex ring rotates prefer a wheel about an axis with itscenter and also perpendicular to its plane. The vortex ring additionally rotates prefer a flipped coin around two different diametersperpendicular to each other.
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The over animation shows the different modes of rotation emerging sequentially yet physicallythey take place simultaneously. (The sample on the torus ring is simply to enable the wheel-like rotation to it is in observed.)
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Aage Bohr and also Dan Mottleson found that the angular inert of a cell nucleus (momentof inertia times the rate of rotation) is quantized come h(I(I+1))½, wherein h is Planck"s consistent divided by 2π and I is a hopeful integer. Making use of this an outcome the nuclear rates of rotation are discovered to be manybillions the times per second. Due to the fact that of the intricacy of the 4 modes that rotation every nucleonis effectively smeared throughout a spherical shell. So, return the static structure of a nuclear covering is the of a ring, its dynamic structure is that of a spherical shell. The in its entirety structure of a cell nucleus of filled shells is climate of the type At prices of rotation of numerous billions of times every secondall that can ever before be observed concerning the structure of nuclei is their dynamic appearances. This accounts for allthe empirical evidence concerning the form of nuclei being spherical or near-spherical. For a cell nucleus consisting of to fill shells plus extra neutron (called gloriole neutrons) the dynamic appearanceis a spherical core of to fill shells through pairs of halo neutrons in orbits about the core.

The Statistical experimentation of the Alpha Module Ring model of nuclear Structure

for the 2929 nuclides the complying with variables to be computedwhich represent the formation of substructures.The number of alpha modulesThe variety of proton-proton spin pairs not contained in an alpha moduleThe number of neutron-proton spin pairs not consisted of in an alpha moduleThe variety of neutron-neutron spin pairs not had in an alpha module To represent the interactions in between nucleons the complying with variableswere computed.The interactions amongst the ns protons: ½p(p-1) The interactions amongst the p protons and n neutrons: npThe interactions amongst the n neutrons: ½n(n-1)The model suggests that atom binding energy of nuclides is a linear function of this variables.Here room the regression equation coefficients and also their t-ratios (the ratios of the coefficients to their typical deviations).The outcomes of Regression AnalysisTesting the Alpha Module RingModel of atom Structure
VariableCoefficient(MeV)t-Ratio
Number that Alpha Modules42.64120923.0
Number that Proton-Proton turn PairsNot in an Alpha Module13.8423452.0
Number the Neutron-Proton rotate PairsNot in one Alpha Module12.77668165.5
Number of Neutron-Neutron rotate PairsNot in an Alpha Module13.6987565.3
Proton-ProtonInteractions−0.58936−113.8
Neutron-ProtonInteractions0.3183195.8
Neutron-NeutronInteractions−0.21367−96.6
Constant−49.37556−112.7
R²0.9998825
It should be noted that over there is a greatdifference amongst the frequencies that the extra rotate pairs. There are 2919 v an alpha module and also only 10 without. There are 2668 nuclides with extra neutron-neutron rotate pairs, however only 164 the end of the 2929nuclides which have actually one or much more extra proton-proton turn pairs. There room 1466 through an extra neutron-proton rotate pair.

Results and Conclusions

The coefficient of determination (R²) for this equation is 0.9998825 and also the standard error of the calculation is 5.47 MeV. The median bindingenergy because that the nuclides included in the evaluation is 1072.6 MeV for this reason the coefficient the variation for the regression equation is 5.47/1072.6=0.0051.Most superior are the t-ratios. A t-ratio of around 2 is taken into consideration statistically far-ranging at the 95 percent level the confidence. The level that confidencefor a t-ratio of 923 is beyond imagining.It is remarkable that the coefficients for all three of the rotate pair formations are roughly equal. They all are bigger from what one would intend fromthe binding energies of little nuclides.The regression coefficients for the nucleonic force interactions have some particularly interesting implications.Without loss of generality the force between two nucleons v charges the Ω1 and Ω2 deserve to be stood for as F = HΩ1Ω2f(s)/s²where H is a constant, s is the separation distance and f(s) could be a continuous or a declining duty of s, possibly exp(−s/s0). allow the nucleonic force charge that a proton it is in takenas 1 and also that of a neutron together q, wherein q could be a negative number. The nucleonic force interactions between neutrons is proportional to q²,and those in between neutrons and protons would be proportional to q. Hence the ratio of thecoefficient because that neutron-neutron interactions to that for neutron-proton communication would be equal to q. The worth of that ratio iscnn/cnp = −0.21367/0.31831 = −0.67127.This is check of the value of −2/3 uncovered in previous studies. For this reason the nucleonic force between like nucleons is repulsion and attraction in between unlike nucleons. The values entailing proton-proton interactions are most likely impacted by theinfluence that the electrostatic repulsion in between protons. That pressure would be as ifthe fee of the proton were (1+d) wherein d is the proportion of the electrostatic pressure to thenucleonic force. An ext on this later.

Nuclear Stability

one alpha module thus has actually a nucleonic charge of +2/3=(1+1-2/3-2/3). Thus two spherical shells created of alpha modules would certainly be repelled indigenous each various other if the spherical shells space separated from every other. This would certainly be a resource of instability. However if the spherical shells room concentric the repulsion is a resource of stability.Here is just how that works. As listed before there is no loss the generality the force between two nucleons through charges the Ω1 and Ω2 have the right to be stood for as F = HΩ1Ω2f(s)/s² where s is the separation distance in between them, H is a constant, q1 and q2are the nucleonic charges and also f(s) is a function of distance. For the nucleonic force it is presumed thatf(s) is a positive however declining duty of distance. This way that the nucleonic pressure drops offmore swiftly than the electrostatic force between protons. When one spherical covering is located internal to one more of the exact same charge the equilibrium is wherethe centers that the two shells coincide. If there is a deviation from this setup the raised repulsionfrom the areas of spheres which are closer with each other is higher than the decrease in repulsion fromthe areas which room farther apart. This just occurs because that the situation in i m sorry f(s) is a declining function.If f(s) is constant there is no net pressure when one sphere is entirely enclosed within the other. Because that moreon this surpris The regression the the number of neutrons on the variety of protons gives the equation n = 1.57054p − 10.83610 The coefficient 1.57054 corresonds come |q|=2/3 and d=0.078.

The statistical Explanatory strength of the Model

Regression equations for the binding energies of nearly three thousands nuclides based ~ above the modelpresented over have coefficients of determination (R²) ranging from 0.9999 come 0.99995 v all ofthe regression coefficients being of the best sign and relative magnitude. SeeStatistical power for the details.

The Statistical testing of the Conventional solid force model of nuclear Structure

permit n and also p it is in the number of neutrons and also protons, respectively, in a nuclide. The variety of neutron-neutron interactionsis equal to n(n-1)/2. This will certainly be denoted together nn. Likewise the number of proton-proton interactions is p(p-1)/2 and also this will certainly bedenoted together pp. The variety of neutron-proton interactions is np.The binding energy because of these interactions is a function of the separation distances of the nucleons. Here no difference is made for separation ranges so the results will be because that the average separation distance of the nucleon.

The Conventional design of Nuclear framework

The regression equation express the attempt to guess the binding power of a nuclidefrom the number of the interactions of that nucleons isBE = cnnnn + cnpnp + cpppp`There is no continuous term due to the fact that if nn=np=pp=0 the BE have to be zero.The conventional version of nuclear structure is then expressed ascnn = cnp > 0 0 pp nnAccording come the Conventional design the coefficient for proton-proton interactions need to be much less than that for neutron-neutron interaction since of the electrostatic repulsionbetween protons.

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Regression Resultsfor trial and error the ConventionalModel of nuclear Structure

Here space the results of the regression analysis for the 2931 nuclides.BE = −0.69377nn + 0.89685np −0.68818pp<-5.8><5.4><-2.9>The figure in the square brackets below a coefficient is that t-ratio, the ratioof the coefficient to its standard deviation. The t-ratios show that the coefficientsare statistically considerably different from zero.The assertions the the Conventional design of nuclear structure are not born out. 2 of the three coefficients room negative. The an unfavorable values because that cnn and cpp suggest that the force in between two prefer nucleons is a repulsion. The optimistic valuefor cnp suggests the force between two unequal nucleons is an attraction.The worth of cpp is not numerically less than the of cnn; that is numerically larger. This can not be, because the electrostatic force between two proton is well-known to be a repulsion. The coefficient of decision (R²) because that the over regression equation is 0.924. Yet given that almost every one of the regression coefficients space wrong in terms of sign or family member magnitude a higher value that R² is evidence against the typical modelrather than for it. The over regression coefficient values deserve to be defined by permitting for a spirit to have a various nucleonic charge than a proton. But more importantlythe Conventional design leaves out the effects of the rotate pairing of nucleons. The alternate Alpha Module Ring version of nuclear structure presented over which takes rotate pairing into account explains 99.99percent of the sports in the binding energies that the 2931 nuclides.

Conclusions Concerningthe Regression Results

the had already been established that the interaction of choose nucleons is a repulsion and also thenegative coefficients because that nn and also pp confirm that. The hopeful coefficient because that np confirms that theinteraction of unequal nucleons is an attraction.The regression coefficent for pp is much more negative 보다 the one for nn, together it must be, since the electrostatic repulsion in between two protons is added to the repulsionbetween two favor nucleons. The coefficient of determination (R²) for the regression equation is 0.9999. Modificationsof the model, such as taking right into account the covering structures of the nucleons, raises that worth to 0.99995.Thus in every way the regression results confirm the assertions of the Alpha Module Ring modelof nuclear structure. This is in contrast to the Conventional design in i beg your pardon almost every one of its assertionsare refuse by empirical analysis.

Conclusions

In a nucleus wherever possible the nucleons are attached together through exclusive spin pair formation into ring of alphamodules i beg your pardon rotatein four different modes at rapid rates. This fast rotation outcomes in every nucleon being efficiently smeared uniformlythroughout a spherical shell. The binding energy of a nucleus is also affected by the nonexclusive interactions of nucleons because of their having actually a nucleonic charge. If the nucleonic fee of a proton is required to be 1 then statistical analysis of binding energies indicate that the nucleonic charge of a spirit is −2/3. This resultsin favor nucleons gift repelled from each various other through nucleonic interaction and unlike nucleons being attracted.For the interaction of neutrons v protons in a nucleus to alleviate the result of the repulsion in between like nucleons there have to be a appropriate balance in between the numbersof neutrons and also protons. This balance in more heavier nuclei requires about fifty percent much more neutrons 보다 protons. The nucleons are organized in spherical shells containing in ~ most details numbers of nucleons. This nuclear magic numbers are explained by a straightforward algorithm. Dynamically a nucleus is basically composed of concentric spherical shells which repel every other. This mutualrepulsion outcomes in a stable arrangement in i m sorry the centers the the concentric spherical shells coincide. This onlyoccurs for repulsion forces that drop off quicker than inverse street squared. The dynamic concentric spherical shells the the atom core space in most situations surrounded by halo neutrons in orbits. Thus a nucleus is hosted together mainly by the linkages created by the formation of spin pairs. The ring of alpha modulesrotate to produce the dynamic appearance of concentric spherical shells which are held together through the repulsionof the nucleonic forces. Neutron turn pairs outside of the concentric spheres are held by their attraction to the core. So every one of the nuclear forces, repulsions and attractions, are involved in hold a cell core together. For a additional review and critique of the conventional concept of nuclei watch A statistical test of the conventional theory of the cell nucleus For more on the physics of nuclei and also other things see new pages. Committed to K. Serventiwithout whose medical andpeople skills this write-up would not have been written.
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